Photosynthesis Lab Procedure

So for this lab, the whole thing basically worked backwards. We got results and data, but had to write the procedure and conclusion from that data. Without actually doing the experiment.

Materials:

• Distilled Water
• Bromothymol Blue (BTB)
• Aquariums Snails
• Elodeas (the plant things)
• One Test Tube 
• 200 ml Beakers
• Light
• Dark Space (closet maybe?)

Procedure:

1. In a test tube, mix 25ml of water with 10 drops of BTB (or until it turns blue), record your observations.
2.  In a beaker, mix 100ml of water with 20 drops of BTB (or until it turns blue), add in an aquarium snail. Let sit in light over night.  Record your observations.
3. In a beaker, mix 100ml of water with 20 drops of BTB (or until it turns blue), add in a single eloda, Let sit in light over night. Record your observations.
4. In a beaker, Mix 100ml of water with 20 drops of BTB (or until it turns blue), add in a single eloda and a aquarium snail. Let sit over night in the light. Record your observations. 
5. Repeat number four letting it sit in the dark for 3 hours. Record your observations. 

Observations (and Conclusions):

1. Water plus BTB is blue-green.
1. BTB stays blue-green in a neutral pH, because distilled water is perfectly neutral, it stays blue-green.
2. Water plus BTB plus a snail turns yellow.
1. Animals respire (put CO2 out), so because CO2 plus water makes carbonic acid, then because the BTB turns yellow in acid, the carbonic acid turns it all yellow.
3. Water plus BTB plus Eloda is blue green in light.
1. The plant respires and produces CO2, but then uses that CO2 for photosynthesis.
4. Water plus BTB plus snail plus eloda is blue green in light, and yelow when left in the dark for three hours
1. The solution is green in the light because the plant does photosynthesis with the CO2 (from the snail AND the plant) preventing carbonic acid.
2. In the dark the plant does not photosynthesize so the CO2 from the snail and the pant from carbonic acid in the water.

PKU Webquest

So, in order to fill the metabolism part of Std. 1, I decided to finally do the PKU webquest. I have decided that, because there are some questions on the bottom of the page, those are the things I need to know, therefore they are the things that I am planning to discuss in this post (it's all color coded). 


But first, some background info. PKU, otherwise known as Phenylketonuria, that if left untreated, can cause mental retardation. PKU is caused my a mutation on chromosome 12. To pass PKU on to later generations, both parents must have one out of their two PAH (Phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that catalyses the reaction responsible for the addition of a hydroxyl group to the end of the 6-carbon aromatic ring of phenylalanine, such that it becomes tyrosine)

Phenylalanie

Tyrosine

Because PKU occurs in 1 in 10,000 to 15,000 newborns, most babies in the US are screened for PKU shortly after birth. This is done by pricking the heel or hand of the baby and collecting the drops on a Guthrie Card. The blood spot is placed on a plate with a bacteria that cannot grow without PKU. If no bacteria grows then the child does not have PKU. Simple right? If the test is positive further tests are conducted to find if the level of PKU is connected to PAH or the rare (only 2%) defect in the co-factor (BH4) of PAH. he signs and symptoms of PKU vary from mild to severe. The most severe form of this disorder is known as classic PKU. Infants with classic PKU appear normal until they are a few months old. Without treatment with a special low-phenylalanine diet, these children develop permanent intellectual disability. Seizures, delayed development, behavioral problems, and psychiatric disorders are also common. Untreated individuals may have a musty or mouse-like odor as a side effect of excess phenylalanine in the body. Children with classic PKU tend to have lighter skin and hair than unaffected family members and are also likely to have skin disorders such as eczema. As PAH normally converts phenylalanine to tyrosine, the block occurs between phenylalanine and tyrosine. As phenylalanine cannot be converted to tyrosine it builds up in the blood, when it reaches high levels it is termed hyperphenylalaninemia. This disrupted pathway interrupts an entire process, shown below.

People who have PKU must eat a protein-free diet, because nearly all proteins contain phenylalanine. Infants are given a special formula without phenylalanine. Older children and adults have to avoid protein-rich foods such as meat, eggs, cheese, and nuts. They must also avoid artificial sweeteners with aspertame, which contains phenylalanine.

This has been a 30 minute blogpost. All about PKU. Enjoy.

1. What enzyme is most commonly defective in people with phenylketonuria?

2. What reaction does this enzyme catalyze? (What is the substrate and what product is produced?)

3. Describe the symptoms of phenylketonuria.

4. What causes the symptoms of PKU, the lack of a substance or the buildup of one?

5. How common is phenylketonuria? How is it treated?